The Role And Importance Of Ethical Behaviour Philosophy Essay

The Role And Importance Of Ethical Behaviour Philosophy Essay Ethical behaviour as it relates to the Counselling and Consulting Psychologist is a matter of life and death. Good ethical decisions lead to life, vibrancy and growth of the psychological practice. On the other hand, if a psychologist continues to make unethical decisions, especially where the right choice is evident and fairly easy to make, it is almost certain that his practice will not continue for very long. The psychologist will often be faced with situations that require sound ethical decision making ability. Arriving at the appropriate course of action to take when facing an ethical dilemma, however, can be a real challenge. The American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct to assist the psychologist when faced with such dilemmas. The psychologist must ensure that the power and authority that comes with the profession are not misused, nor abused. It is also up to him/her to maintain boundaries and professional distance. Ensuri ng ethical behaviour is the responsibility of the psychologist, although he will not be alone in this venture, as psychologists seek to spur each other on to ethical behaviour. Suppose that as a psychologist during psychotherapy, a client disclosed that he was planning to kill a woman who had refused his advances. What should you do? This is clearly an ethical dilemma that you would be faced with. On one hand, you are well aware that the information a client supplies in therapy should be confidential, that is, the information is strictly between therapist and client, and should not be disclosed to anyone else. On the other hand, you also know this person well enough to worry that he might actually murder the woman in question. (Baron, 2001) What to do? Dictionary.com defines ethics as the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions or a particular group, culture, etc.; hence the terms medical ethics, Christian ethics and professional ethics. Ethics span every arena of our lives, whether we are in the helping professions or not, and at some point, we will all face an ethical dilemma. An ethical dilemma is a situation in which there is mental conflict about a decision to be made, because obeying one imperative may lead to transgressing another. When one becomes engaged in a discipline, an organization, or a job, he/she usually seeks to find out what the parameters are for operating within the particular group what the boundaries are, what the expectations are. In other words, what the ethical guidelines are for performing the given task. The American Psychological Association (APA) has established an Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, also referred to as the Code of Ethics, which serves as an ethical guide to members of the helping professions, especially psychologists. The Jamaica Psychological Society in its effort to advance psychology as a discipline and profession (Jamaica Psychological Society, 2007) has adopted this code with a few minor modifications. The APA Code of Ethics for psychologists is based on five general principles, from which all the standards are developed. The first principle is beneficence and nonmaleficence. This means that the psychologists aim is to benefit the persons with whom they work, while, in the process, does no harm to them. The psychologist needs to always be mindful of the clients needs. In essence, their job is to put the clients needs above their own. According to Corey (2005), our professional relationships with our clients exist for their benefit (p. 37), and so the Code of Ethics encourages the counsellor to strive to be aware of any possible effect that their mental and physical state may have on his/her ability to help the client, and take the appropriate steps to take care of themselves. The second principle of the Code of ethics is fidelity and responsibility. Fidelity speaks to the fact that the psychologist seeks to establish a trusting relationship with the clients, whether the client is an individual, a group or an organization. To this end, the counsellor is well aware that the information shared by the client in therapy is strictly confidential. Confidentiality is central to developing a trusting and productive therapeutic relationship, according to Corey (2005). He notes also that it is both an ethical and a legal issue. No meaningful therapy can occur without the clients trust in the privacy of their disclosures to their counsellors, and so professionals are responsible to define and determine the degree of confidentiality that can be promised. The therapist has an ethical responsibility to discuss with the client the nature and purpose of confidentiality early in the counselling process. The client should also be made aware that the counsellor may discuss c ertain aspects of the relationship with a counsellor or colleague. The counsellor would also be aware that confidentiality must be broken when it becomes evident that the client might do serious harm to either himself or others, and of course, the client would be so informed. This is what happened in the true case used to open this paper. The therapist chose to break confidence and inform his supervisor of the clients revelations. The client was arrested. However, after promising to stay away from the woman in question, he was released. Two months later, he stabbed the woman to death. The parents of the woman sued the therapist and the university where he worked for failing to protect their daughter. This was clearly a complex issue involving confidentiality. Here, ethics and the law were walking a thin line. Corey (2005) also notes that there is a legal requirement to break confidentiality in cases involving child abuse, abuse of the elderly and of dependent adults. (p. 41) Fidelity also speaks to the right of informed consent, which is also an ethical and legal requirement, and is an integral part of the therapeutic process. Providing individuals with necessary information so that they can make informed choices can lead to greater cooperation on the part of the client. Because the therapist takes the time to educate the client about his/her rights and responsibilities, the client is empowered while a trusting relationship is being built. Corey (2005) identifies some aspects included in the process of informed consent as the general goals of counselling; the responsibilities of the counsellor toward the client; the responsibilities of the client; limitations and expectations to confidentiality; legal and ethical parameters that could define the relationship, the qualifications and background of the practitioner; the fees involved; the services the client can expect; and the approximate length of the therapeutic process (p. 40). The psychologist is responsible, not only for himself or herself as a professional, but also for colleagues. As such, psychologists are concerned about their colleagues compliance with ethical standards as well. The practicing psychologist is mindful of his/her professional responsibility to the organization and community in which he/she works, and accepts responsibility for behaviour. Principle number three of the Code of Ethics stresses integrity. The code encourages the psychologist to do everything in his/her power to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology (APA, 2010). The psychologist should not attempt to cheat, defraud or be dishonest in any way, especially if such behaviour may lead to the client being harmed. The fourth principle on which the Code of Ethics is based is that of justice. In other words, fairness is the name of the game. Kitchener (1984) points out that the formal meaning of justice is treating equals equally and unequals unequally but in proportion to their relevant differences (p.49). This means that if someone is treated differently by the psychologist, it is because there is a clear and appropriate reason for that treatment. For example, if a client is determined to be unable to make certain decisions as it relates to their therapy because of some mental challenge, then the psychologist would treat this client somewhat differently from how someone who is fully able to make such decisions is treated. In addition to treating clients fairly, the psychologist is also cognizant of the fact that everyone is entitled to access and benefit from psychology and its contributions o the society. According to the code of ethics, psychologists also ensure that they are just as it relates to their own limitations of expertise and their competence. They are not to portray themselves, or allow themselves to be portrayed as a specialist in areas that they are not. The psychologist must also be non-exploitative. There are many ways that a client may be exploited, but I think in particular now of sexual misconduct. Ethics codes do not condone this activity in any form. There are many reasons for this, including the fact that if the therapist surrenders to sexual attraction with the client, he/ she is making the needs of the client secondary to their own; the therapist who engages in such a relationship can no longer remain objective in making therapeutic judgments about the client; and some clients might not be able to make sound decisions about forming intimate relationships (Baron, 2001). The final principle underpinning the Code of Ethics is respect for peoples rights and dignity. This underscores the justice principle and recognizes the humanness of each person regardless of gender, race, social status and such other distinguishing factors. The psychologist is careful not to allow personal biases to impair his treatment as it relates to such persons. The psychologist is also responsible to be aware of, and respect cultural, individual and role differences, and treat individuals accordingly, where required, based on the group of which they are a part. The whole matter of ethics for the counselling and consulting psychologist includes a vast array of subtopics and little areas that sometimes may not even be thought of until they arise within the client-therapist relationship. In all honesty, while I sat in Professional Ethics class for the weekend of June 25-27, 2010, I was introduced to, and thought of, so many ways that a therapist can make mistakes and slip up in the profession. It appeared to me that the psychologist is required to be almost a perfect person and so much is demanded of this individual, because at every turn, he/she must be cognizant of how their behaviour can affect the client and the community in which they work. It appeared to me that there are so many instances in which the counsellor, if not very sensitive, can behave unethically. More than one lecturer mentioned that they have been to social events where they have been in the company of clients. The lecturer/psychologist felt that it would be safer for her to leave the social event rather than have the client be uncomfortable. One lecturer was careful to note, however, that it is not always possible to excuse oneself from such events. In such cases, if the therapist thinks that the client might need a reassuring word that although they are familiar with the same persons, there will be no discussion of the clients issues, then they would find some private time to talk with the client. I noted with interest, too, that in the Code of Ethics, under section one (1) that deals with Resolving Ethical Issues, the first loyalty of the psychologist lies with the code. For example, Section 1.02a Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority, the code states that: If psychologists ethical responsibilities conflict with law, regulations, other governing legal authority, psychologists make known their commitment to the Ethics Code and take steps to resolve the conflict. If the conflict is unresolvable via such means, psychologists may adhere to the requirements of the law, regulations, or other governing legal authority. (p.4) It would appear that the grounds on which most lawsuits are brought against psychologists is as it concerns unethical behaviour. This further underscores the point that the counselling and consulting psychologist needs to clarify his values, and take the ethical guidelines for both his organization and profession very seriously. The counselor will find that interpreting the ethical guidelines of the professional organization and applying them to particular situations demand the utmost ethical sensitivity (Corey, 2005). There will be times when the decision to be made is clear and easy; but there will be times when the decision is difficult, and has implications for further actions, and even for the counsellor, as in the mentioned case. The counsellor will struggle sometimes to decide how to act in ways that will further the best interests of the client. However, the psychologist is not operating, and should not operate in a vacuum. The psychologist has the option of consulting with other colleagues, and with supervisors. Corey (2005) notes that the counsellor should also keep à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ informed about laws affecting your practice, keep up-to-date in your specialty field, stay abreast of developments in ethical practice, reflect on the impact your values have on your practice and be willing to engage in honest self-examination. (p. 37) Various authors have posited ethical decision making models to assist the counsellor when faced with an ethical dilemma [e.g. Van Hoose and Paradise (1979), Kitchener (1984), Stadler (1986), Haas and Malouf (1989), Forester-Miller and Rubenstein (1992), Sileo and Kopala (1993) and Corey, Corey and Callanan, (2003)]. The steps to follow are generally the same and are listed below. Identify the problem or dilemma. Identify the potential issues surrounding the dilemma, e.g. legal issues Consult the relevant Codes of Ethics for guidance on the matter. Determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma. This includes considering the general principles of the APA code of Ethics, reviewing relevant professional literature, consulting with experienced colleagues or supervisors and consulting your professional Board or Association. Generate potential courses of action. Consider the potential consequences of all options for both therapist and client. Choose what seems to be the best course of action, implement it, and follow up the outcomes and determine if further action is necessary. This all important matter of making sound ethical decisions in the counselling and consulting practice is not to be taken lightly by the psychologist. At every point along the practice, the counsellor is making some ethical decision. Consulting with the code of ethics and with colleagues and supervisors can help the psychologist to stay on track as he/she continues in the practice of helping.

Nursing and Health Care Foundations

Identify one area of nursing research that has improved patient outcomes. State the study and its impact on patient care. How have these findings changed your nursing practice? The American Association of Colleges of Nursing , believes that education has a major impact on the knowledge and competencies of the nurse clinician. AACN helps employers to get benefit on the education and experience provided by the different educational programs leading to the registered nurse description by using these nurses in different capacities.BSN graduates bring exceptional skills to their work as nursing clinicians and play an important role in the safe patient care. Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania found that surgical patients in Magnet hospitals had 14% lower chances of inpatient death within 30 days and 12% lower chances of failure-to-rescue compared with patients cared for in non-Magnet hospitals. These study states that these effects were creditedin large part to investments in highly qualified and educated nurses. You can read also Coronary Artery Disease Nursing Care PlanStudies have also found that baccalaureate nurses have stronger communication and problem solving skills and a higher ability to make nursing diagnoses and for nursing interventions. The federal government, the military, nurse executives, health care foundations, nursing organizations, and practice settings recognize the exceptional value of baccalaureate-prepared nurses and advocate for an increase in the number of BSN nurses across clinical settings. Nurses with Bachelor of Science in Nursing degrees are well organized to meet the demands placed on today's nurse.BSN nurses are valued for their expertise in critical thinking, leadership, case management, and health promotion, and for their ability to practice in inpatient and outpatient settings. Nurse executives, federal agencies, the military, leading nursing organizations, health care foundations, magnet hospitals, and minority nurse advocacy groups all accept the unique value that baccalaureate-prepared nurses bring to the practice setting. Reference The Impact of Education on Nursing Practice (2008). Retrieved from The American Association of Colleges of Nursing http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/Fact-sheets/impact-of-education

The Commission For Environmental Cooperation - 1602 Words

NAAEC institutes the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) with the responsibility to â€Å"facilitate co-operation and public participation to foster conservation, protection and enhancement of the North American environment for the benefit of present and future generations, in the context of increasing economic, trade and social links between Canada, Mexico and the United States.†55 CEC’s main contributions include: studies reflecting common environmental concerns of NAFTA countries, examination of the links between free trade and the environment, dissemination of information to the public on environmental issues, and the promotion of cooperation on environmental matters. ngo’s in all three countries were necessary to get the policy†¦show more content†¦This paper challenges the obsession with outcomes as part of the current preoccupation with accountability. The paper recognizes and concurs with the importance of setting and trying to meet cl early defined targets. But it argues that many crucial and equally important developments inadvertently can be overlooked in the quest to quantify. The word of the week is ‘outcomes.’ The subtext is ‘accountability.’ No one can deny that these two imperatives are driving most agendas these days. Performance measurement for the private, public and voluntary sectors is a booming business. Private firms, governments and voluntary organizations are under pressure to demonstrate that they are functioning in a cost-effective and efficient manner. The concern for accountability is being fuelled by many factors. The private sector always has been interested in outcomes. The bottom line - actual output at the end of the day - is the primary driving force. The private sector must account to its customers and shareholders. In fact, there is growing discussion about the need to relate to an even broader audience of interested parties, typically referred to as ‘stakeholders.’ The requirement to perform effectively and efficiently is nothing new. But the pressures appear to have become all the more intense in a highly competitive Some would argue that governments’ newfound concern with effectiveness and efficiency arises from more than political considerations alone. PerhapsShow MoreRelatedNon State Actors Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesactors, but not directly protect environment. Therefore, non-state actors alone is not enough to deal with environmental problems that require a dependence of them on state actors. This essay will present, analyze the functions of non-state actors and will illustrate the relation between them and states. It cannot be denied the important role of non-state actors in order to tackle environmental issues. 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T he European Commission is represented in the United States by a Delegation in Washington, which was established in 1954. In 1971 the Washington office became a Delegation with full diplomatic privileges and immunities. The Delegation represents the European Commission in its dealings with the US government. It reports on US developments to headquarters in Brussels and acts as a liaison withRead MoreEnvironmental Factors Of The Automotive Industry1201 Words   |  5 Pagesmarkets, building brands, adapting product strategies and taking long-term view on their goals and objectives. This paper outlines some of the key factors which should be considered. Environmental factors automotive designers and engineers have always said the main threats in the American Automotive industry are the environmental factors such as fuel economy and the clean air regulations. Automotive Emission posed different problems than manufacturing discharges such as coal smoke. Increased fossil-fuelRead MoreEss ay on Critical Commentary on Urban Sustainability1704 Words   |  7 Pagestitled Our Common Future, to mainstream dialogue throughout the globe at all scales within government and public spheres. This form of development seeks to balance current environmental, social and economic needs of the population, â€Å"without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, 43). Used interchangeably with ‘sustainability’ (Seghezzo, 2009), the concept has been fastened to a plethora of themes, including that

John Locke An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

John Locke published in 1690 a twenty yearlong masterpiece, which ultimately becomes the masterwork of this great philosopher, titled as An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. This philosophical treatise took twenty years to complete when he began his work on The Easy in 1670. Locke composed The Essay in order to formulate what it is and is not likely attainable for us to fathom and perceive. John Locke’s aim was not to establish utmost certainty but to fathom the amount of substance we can distribute to distinctive categories of knowledge. What is knowledge according to John Locke? Locke went about answering this question by splitting up his philosophical essay into four books, where the first three provided the infrastructure for the arguments set out in Book IV. Do we enter this world with a mind that is a blank slate or is a person born into this world equipped with knowledge? Paramount to Locke’s discourse during the whole of the Essay is the notion that when a n individual born into this world their mind is a blank slate. Locke argued that all of our knowledge is from information one collects from the five senses – we enter this world knowing nothing – experience is our master teacher and imparts knowledge. This is the underlying score of empiricism that is so often contributed to Locke, a philosophical theory in contrast to innatism – the theory that knowledge is inborn – and to rationalism where the attain knowledge of reality through the power of reason apartShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke : An Essay Concerning Human Understanding2360 Words   |  10 PagesJohn Locke published in 1690 a twenty year long masterpiece, which ultimately becomes the masterwork of this great philosopher, titled as An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. This philosophical treatise took twenty years to complete when he began his work on The Easy in 1670. 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Since the beginning of Enlightenment to the 21st century, Locke’s ideas have been behind countless innovators, philosophers, and politicians; including our very own Founding Fathers. From being an enlightened philosopher to creating bold, new ideas, John Locke is the single most influential person in history because he helped establish the basis of moder n philosophical empiricismRead MoreJohn Locke : The Most Influential Philosophical And Political Thinker917 Words   |  4 PagesThe Key to Locke John Locke â€Å"proved to be the most influential philosophical and political thinker of the seventeenth century† (Kagen 213). He lived in a period of great political change; Locke’s upbringing came to influence his philosophies, and these ideas had much significance in regards to the Enlightenment. Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in Wrington, Somerset (John Locke 9: 478). Early on came the outbreak of the English Civil War. Anglican and possessing Puritan sympathies, Locke’s fatherRead MoreBusiness Ethics: John Locke Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics: John Locke Business Ethics Business ethics is defined as â€Å"a specialized study of moral right and wrong that focusses on moral standards as they apply to business institutions, organizations, and behavior† (Velasquez, 2014, p.15). Business ethics is the study of moral standards that focusses primarily on how these standards may apply to social systems and/or organizations. For this paper I will be focusing on one of the great minds of business ethics, John Locke, his ideas andRead MoreEssay on Philosophy 101710 Words   |  3 Pagesnot the origin. There has been many debates over the issue. I choose to use simple logic and reasoning close to the same as John Locke would of thought and try to make a reasonable agreement. 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Lockes association with Anthony Ashley Cooper (later the First Earl of Shaftesbury)Read MoreJohn Lockes Philosophy Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesJohn Locke was born in 1632. He earned his bachelor’s Degree in 1656 and a masters degree in 1658. In 1690 Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding appeared. From this came Tabula rasa. This then laid the foundation for environmentalism. Locke was an English philosopher who was regarded as one of the â€Å"most influential of enlightenment thinkers† and â€Å"important to social contract social† (Wikipedia). Locke died in 1704 never being married or having children. His theories are a part of whatRead MoreAnalysis Of John Locke s The Of The Golden Era Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Renaissance and William Shakespeare treated us to the best writings and plays in the English language. Likewise, John Locke is a man who accomplished what many men could not. He single handedly developed a political system that had a focus on liberty, his work would help influence many men from both sides of the Atlantic. Aside from being a brilliant political theori st, Locke was an author who wrote many outstanding writings. He is remembered as being one of the best English philosophers of all John Locke An Essay Concerning Human Understanding John Locke published in 1690 a twenty year long masterpiece, which ultimately becomes the masterwork of this great philosopher, titled as An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. This philosophical treatise took twenty years to complete when he began his work on The Easy in 1670. Locke composed The Essay in order to formulate what it is and is not likely attainable for us to fathom and perceive. John Locke’s aim was not to establish utmost certainty, but to fathom the amount of substance we can distribute to distinctive categories of knowledge. What is knowledge according to John Locke? Locke went about answering this question by splitting up his philosophical essay into four books, where the first three provided the infrastructure for the arguments set out in Book IV. Do we enter this world with a mind that is a blank slate or is a person born into this world equipped with knowledge? Paramount to Locke’s discourse during the whole of the Essay is the notion that when an individual born into this world their mind is a blank slate. Locke argued that all of our knowledge is from information one collects from the five senses – we enter this world knowing nothing – experience is our master teacher and imparts knowledge. This is the underlying score of empiricism that is so often contributed to Locke, a philosophical theory in contrast to innatism – the theory that knowledge is inborn – and to rationalism where the attain knowledge of reality through the power of reason apartShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke : An Essay Concerning Human Understanding2354 Words   |  10 PagesJohn Locke published in 1690 a twenty yearlong masterpiece, which ultimately becomes the masterwork of this great philosopher, titled as An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. This philosophical treatise took twenty years to complete when he began his work on The Easy in 1670. Locke composed The Essay in order to formulate what it is and is not likely at tainable for us to fathom and perceive. John Locke’s aim was not to establish utmost certainty but to fathom the amount of substance we can distributeRead MoreJohn Locke : An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, And More Essay1677 Words   |  7 Pagesthe philosopher John Locke. Locke was born on August 28, 1632 near the city of Pensford in England and was educated at Westminster School in London in 1647 . After extensive reading and learning Locke began writing a number of different philosophical treatises and essays from about 1680 through 1699 and then spent the rest of his life in quite reflection . The work of Locke’s that we will be looking at for the purpose this paper is his book, An Essay concerning Human Understanding, and more specificallyRead MoreHuman Reasoning John Locke ´s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding1236 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke in his prose An Essay Concerning Human Understanding displays an extremely individualistic take on h uman reason (126). Proposing a perspective that is especially interesting during his time in the 17th century, which catered to a shift towards individual morals and responsibilities - the Puritan movement (Kang). Furthermore, John Locke sees the human mind as a product of one’s own experiences and inherent responsibilities, which is evident not only in his essay, but also in his upbringingRead MoreEssay on John Locke: Illuminating Path to Life, Liberty, and Property642 Words   |  3 Pagesprominent man by the name of Thomas Jefferson, were greatly influenced by the Enlightenment’s most profound philosopher, John Locke. Since the beginning of Enlightenment to the 21st century, Locke’s ideas have been behind countless innovators, philosophers, and politicians; including our very own Founding Fathers. From being an enlightened philosopher to creating bold, new ideas, John Locke is the single most influential person in history because he helped establish the bas is of modern philosophical empiricismRead MoreJohn Locke : The Most Influential Philosophical And Political Thinker917 Words   |  4 PagesThe Key to Locke John Locke â€Å"proved to be the most influential philosophical and political thinker of the seventeenth century† (Kagen 213). He lived in a period of great political change; Locke’s upbringing came to influence his philosophies, and these ideas had much significance in regards to the Enlightenment. Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in Wrington, Somerset (John Locke 9: 478). Early on came the outbreak of the English Civil War. Anglican and possessing Puritan sympathies, Locke’s fatherRead MoreBusiness Ethics: John Locke Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics: John Locke Business Ethics Business ethics is defined as â€Å"a specialized study of moral right and wrong that focusses on moral standards as they apply to business institutions, organizations, and behavior† (Velasquez, 2014, p.15). Business ethics is the study of moral standards that focusses primarily on how these standards may apply to social systems and/or organizations. For this paper I will be focusing on one of the great minds of business ethics, John Locke, his ideas andRead MoreEssay on Philosophy 101710 Words   |  3 Pagesnot the origin. There has been many debates over the issue. I choose to use simple logic and reasoning close to the same as John Locke would of thought and try to make a reasonable agreement. John Locke was known as an empiricists epistemologists whose essay has puzzled many minds and made many observations into the human knowledge. Even though many consider John Locke a failure there are a ton more who consider him a brilliant mind. â€Å"Though the qualities that affect our senses are, in the thingsRead MoreJohn Locke, a British Philosopher, Studied the Knowledge of the Human Mind635 Words   |  3 Pages John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704) was a British philosopher, Oxford academic and medical researcher. Lockes monumental An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) is one of the first great defenses of empiricism and concerns itself with determining the limits of human understanding in respect to a wide spectrum of topics. It thus tells us in some detail what one can legitimately claim to know and what one cannot. Lockes association with Anthony Ashley Cooper (later the First Earl of Shaftesbury)Read MoreJohn Lockes Philosophy Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesJohn Locke was born in 1632. He earned his bachelor’s Degree in 1656 and a masters degree in 1658. In 1690 Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding appeared. From this came Tabula rasa. This then laid the foundation for environmentalism. Locke was an English philosopher who was regarded as one of the â€Å"most influential of enlightenment thinkers† and â€Å"important to social contract social† (Wikipedia). Locke died in 1704 never being married or having children. His theories are a part of whatRead MoreAnalysis Of John Locke s The Of The Golden Era Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Renaissance and William Shakespeare treated us to the best writings and plays in the English language. Likewise, John Locke is a man who accomplished what many men could not. He single handedly developed a political system that had a focus on liberty, his work would help influence many men from both sides of the Atlantic. Aside from being a brilliant political theori st, Locke was an author who wrote many outstanding writings. He is remembered as being one of the best English philosophers of all

Math Approaches Traditional or Reform Essay - 1059 Words

Math Approaches: Traditional or Reform Presently there is an argument regarding whether it is better to teach mathematics in a reform or traditional approach. Understandably, educators want to teach children in the best way that will benefit students as a child and a learner. Different people can argue that their approach is more effective than traditional methods, and likewise for the reform approach. However, research reveals that there are certain advantages and disadvantages to each teaching approach. Traditional Approach Traditionally math has been taught in a teacher-centered environment. With this traditional approach students give all their attention to the teacher, and work problems using a given method. The National†¦show more content†¦As a result of this approach, students often are unable to take what they have been taught and transfer it to problems that are slightly different from those they have been working in class (Kohn, 1999). Students may easily add numbers when they are stacked on top of each other, but may struggle when they are lined up horizontally. Children become good at learning rules in order to ensure good grades, but are unable to actually do the mathematics. This traditional system seems to reward students for learning the rules, but does not give students the opportunity to actually do the mathematics (Van de Walle, 2007). In a traditional teacher-directed classroom students work alone, and do not learn to collaborate with other students in the classroom. Be cause of this, students may lack the social skills needed to perform well in the real world (Mascolo, 2009) . Traditional classrooms, and their paper-and-pencil exercises, cause social isolation and dependence on teachers instead of their own knowledge (Kamii Lewis, 2009). Reform Approach Many schools are changing the way math is taught. The classrooms are becoming more student-centered instead of the traditional teacher-centered classrooms. The National Mathematics Advisory Panel defined this approach as â€Å"instruction in which students are primarily doing the teaching† (National Mathematics Advisory Panel, 2008). Teachers in theShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Studying And Learning Mathematics Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagesmathematics course†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 4). Deficiencies in math skills occur for a variety of reasons. Today, more than 50% of all college students are over the age of 24 (Center, 2016) and need to improve or change their job skills. Those same students may never have had a college preparatory course. Many veterans returning to civilian life did not complete algebra 2 or higher in high school (Molina Morse, 2015). Finding new ways to help students brush up on their basic math skills, while getting them ready forRead MoreCERAE Content Experience Reflection Analysis1964 Words   |  8 Pages Content Experience Reflection Analysis Evaluation Submitted by: Alyssa Keith C. Gorigao IV-JOANS Submitted to: Sir Ferdinand Corpuz Calculus Teacher Math Before Christ Content: Math started before Christ. Predynastic Egyptians  of the 5th millennium BC pictorially represented  geometric  designs. It has been claimed that  megalithic  monuments in  England  and  Scotland, dating from the 3rd millennium BC, incorporate geometricRead MoreArticle Critique : The Journal Of School Psychology1334 Words   |  6 Pages Article Critique Alyssa J. Brincka Arizona State University â€Æ' Article Critique The Journal of School Psychology published an article in 2014 titled Divorce, approaches to learning, and children’s academic achievement: A longitudinal analysis of mediated and moderated effects. The article was funded through grants from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the Institute of Education Sciences (Anthony, DiPerna, Amato, 2014). Lead author Christopher J. Anthony isRead MoreThe Alternative Philosophies Of Education1607 Words   |  7 Pagesin order for mastery. Alternative Philosophies of Education Progressive approaches to early childhood education from Europe use physical activity throughout the school day to help shape intelligent and creative children. These approaches are the Waldorf, Montessori and Reggio Emilia which are seen as â€Å"strong educational alternatives to traditional education and as sources of inspiration for progressive educational reform† (Edwards, 2002, p. 2). Waldorf education created by Rudolf Steiner focusesRead MoreWhy Do Americans Stink At Math?1917 Words   |  8 Pages Americans teach math totally different then Asia, in United States math divide to 4 different class algebra12 , geometry ,trigonometry and calculus ,students will choice the one they think is fits ,there is different way in Asia, in Asia Ministry of Education will map out the system ,and every year they will change different book ,inside the book not just algebra12,geometry and trigonometry and calculus is everything mix together ,students can not choice, every year is more difficultRead MoreThe Education Of High School Students Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In today’s education of high school students, are we keeping up with the 21st century, or, are we still doing the same old thing? The British started the idea of traditional schools hundreds of years ago. 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U.S. schools should provide students with basic facts regarding the books, people, and events that have shaped our nation’s heritage and instill traditional American values. It should not take the launching of Sputnik or the 1983 A Nation At Risk to raise the standards of education. All students should get a body of information, and then build upon it. During the social reform era of the 1960s and 1970s, progressivism was prosperous, but now more traditional, essentialist-likeRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy : My Educational Philosophy1747 Words   |  7 Pageshome life and strive to provide what the student may be lacking from outside or in-house resources. The concept â€Å"From the Tablet to the Table† deviates from technology and social media that plagues our young people to around the table dinners, traditional teachings, good talks, and other verbal communication. Introduction I sustain myself with the love of family. Maya Angelou The foundation of a child’s family relationship is revealed by the way they handle social relationships, lifeRead More No Child Left Behind Assessment Essay1289 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"quality of assessment is one of the key features of good teaching and setting appropriate assessment tasks should question students in a way that demands evidence of understanding† (Jimaa, 20011, p. 217). The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) education reform program is a good example of this concept. The ambitious federal education bill that President Bush signed into law in 2002, NCLB, required the federal government to use its spending power to prod school districts across the country to rely on scientific

The Life of Mind Free Essays

Riza Abilova Id: 20120438 ARW I, Section 4 Date: March 29, 2013 Discussion essay Second draft Does is living with less have a beneficial influence on people’s life in U. S? A person’s lifestyle is like a mirror. It shows who and what a person is, what he or she does, how he or she dress and what conditions he or she prefers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life of Mind or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some people are happy with a small amount of money with comfortable living while others want to earn large amounts of money and become rich. However, living with less is like having minimalist lifestyle which involves material limitations, less consumption, more space, less unnecessary possessions and so on. Furthermore, as Graham Hill (2013) entrepreneur and founder of LifeEduited. com and TreeHugger. com reports, â€Å"I sleep better knowing I’m not using more resources than I need. I have less and enjoy more† (n. p) (as cited on www. nytimes. com). Living with less brings appreciably more satisfaction, relaxation and enjoyment. Moreover, people will not get attached to things. For one thing, people who depend on their possessions and luxury life, in many cases lose part of life that is really important. The minimalist lifestyle in U. S is a beneficial way to allow pleasure and better health and spending less time on new technologies but on the other hand people get losing this knowledge of modern society of this country. One of the advantages of living with less in U. S is that people can take more joy and time. Living with fewer possessions is not only having joy but also is very closely related to the times and technology. The fewer possessions you have to worry about, the more time you have to spend with friends, family or in nature or beautiful places in life. Technology is incredible and infinitely developing, but occupies most of our time. For example: social technology provides the ability to connect, communicate and also play games and others. As Albert Einstein who theoretical physicist and one of the founders of modern theoretical physics (1921) demonstrated, â€Å"It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity†. (n. p) However, one should note here that technologies can take away a large part of the time of your life. If on the one hand it can be said that it is beneficial having enjoyment and more time, the same is true for better health. Another beneficial advantage of living with reducing possessions in the United States is that people feel less stress. Living with less material stuff allows people the ability to not worry about their obligations. Therefore, living with fewer possessions allows less worrying about obligations which includes cleaning, repairing, breaking, and obsolete of these materials. Material objects not only lead to physical fatigue but disorders like depression too. As American Psychiatric Association (2011) shows, â€Å"depression is a common and highly treatable disorder affection over 17 million American adults annually† (n. ). It is generally agreed that stress and nervous feelings brings a negative effect on disorders. With living with less stuff, you can avoid depression and aggression by obligations of items. Another way of looking to this lifestyle, it is about surplus of knowledge of new technologies. One of the unbeneficial ways of living with less is that using less modern tec hnologies. For instance, if people stick to this way of life, and they prefer not to use the new technologies, gadgets and other things, it will be bad influence on the formation of person as a modern one. Many people will consider as a primitive man who is absolutely nothing know, it is difficult to have a dialogue with someone who cannot understand what others mean. Likewise, as Jonas Salk who was an American medical researcher and virologist (1979) shows, â€Å"This is perhaps the most beautiful time in human history; it is really pregnant with all kinds of creative possibilities made possible by science and technology which now constitute the slave of man – if man is not enslaved by it†(n. p) . In reality, all technologies are developing that is why future without him nothing would do. The most importantly is that being a successful person makes a big influence on the skill of modern technology not only for work but also for self-improvement. One should, however, not forget that if people have lack of knowledge of new technologies, in many cases, they can’t find perspective job to successful career. Our modern world is difficult to imagine with lack of knowledge of computer technology, and successful professional worker without this knowledge. The United States is one of the most highly developed states in the world that is why new technological hings have an important part of their life. A minimalist lifestyle offers the enormous benefits and if Americans want to take more joy and time and feel less stress, they need to start living with less. As Julie Schor who is a professor of Sociology at Boston College (2002) shows, â€Å"we need to invest more meaning into material objects to slow down the buy-use-discard cycle of U. S. consumer goods†(p45-60). This means, society of this country should really think about material possessions, whether want to buy it, whether it is beneficial or useful etc. How to cite The Life of Mind, Essays

Clinical Information System

Question: Evaluate whether implementing Clinical Information System (CIS) in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) enhances the workflows of healthcare workers and improve the quality of care provided to critically ill patients. Answer: 1.1 Introduction Clinical Information System or CIS is the computerized system that stores, double checks and organizes the medical information. Paper charts are replaced by the CIS system as it serves to keep together several information electronically, which includes prescriptions, health history, dictation and doctor's notes. CIS has significantly helped in improving patient care as it contains several safety features, which reduces the probability of errors significantly. CIS is equally private and secure as it permits only the caregivers who are qualified to access the patient records, as compared to the conventional paper charts (Moher et al., 2015). There are several advantages of the implementation of CIS in healthcare as in case of any emergency, the physician can have immediate access to the entire medical history of the patient. When a patient makes an office visit, the physician can go through his medical records and place the test orders directly from the system. Immediate access is to t he test results for the doctors is another advantage and adding to the list, the doctor can send the prescription to the pharmacy directly, that helps the patient on an easy collection of medicines (Mador Shaw, 2009). Apart from the above clinical advantages of CIS, it has a very important role to play in the Intensive Care Units (ICU) for improving the patient outcome. It enhances the workflow of the healthcare workers and improves the quality of care provided to the critically ill patients. It is a common belief that in the 21st century, the healthcare system will require the intensive application of the CIS in the ICU for managing and acquiring data, data transformation for availing information and dissemination of information for using it to improving patient care. It is more important and evident to use CIS in the ICU than at any other arena of healthcare, as it involves complex decision-making processes. Critical illness dynamic requires physiological data that are time stamped and are integrated with the clinical context. Processing of this data takes place through a wide array of nonlinear and linear analytical tools (De Georgia et al., 2015). Advanced data analytics can take place only th rough the CIS and it helps the physicians to make informed and timely decisions for improving the outcomes of the patients. Therefore, integrated informatics for critical care architecture is essentially required for the integration, synchronization, acquisition, storage and integration of all the patient data into a searchable and single database that is waveforms and numeric. This helps to process the data for extracting features that are clinically relevant from the original raw data for translating them into information that is actionable. Technological advancements are working to bring all these features together (Haynes et al., 2010). The present systematic review deals with the evaluation of the implementation of CIS in the ICU and determines whether it improves the patient outcome by enhancing the workflow of the healthcare workers and improves the quality of care provided to the critically ill patients. The review will investigate the impact of the implementation of CIS in ICU on the different activities of the nurses in ICU like documentation time, direct patient care and quality of care. The findings from the various literature will be thoroughly analyzed by the researcher and the outcome will be represented statistically, followed by an extensive discussion of the findings and the actual impact of the clinical information system. Various studies have been conducted on this aspect by different authors, however, no single study have been found that could address the complete implementation of the CIS in ICU and its impact on the nursing activities of documentation time, direct patient care and quality of care. This article aims to fill this gap and will develop a clear understanding of the findings of the investigation by systematically reviewing peer-reviewed articles. Figure 1: Health Information System Forming the Clinical Information System 1.1.1 Aim of the Study The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate whether implementing CIS in the ICU enhances the workflows of healthcare workers and improve the quality of care provided to critically ill patients. 1.1.2 Objectives of the Study The objectives of this systemic review are as follows: Reviewing the available literature describing health information systems, with a particular focus on CIS in the ICU and the evaluation of such systems. The impact of using CIS on documentation time, direct patient care and quality of care. 1.2 Background Information Introduction of computers to the hospitals took place in 1970 when they started to develop Electronic Medical Records (EMR) that included POMR (Patient Oriented Medical Record) introduced at the University of Vermont. University of Utah introduced HELP (Health Evaluation through Logical Processing) and the Duke University introduced TMR (The Medical Record). Harvard introduced the COSTAR (Computer Stored Ambulatory Record) and was programmed by the Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System. For the outpatient and inpatient settings, RMRS (Regenstrief Medical Record System) of Indiana was the first of its type (Nadelson Nadelson, 2014). Not all these EMRs were associated with the intense ICU environment based on the real time data. Weil and Shubin have been credited for the introduction of computers in the ICU in the year 1966 with the purpose of automatic collection of the vital signs from the monitor place on the bedside. It proceeded to the development of CARE (Clinical Assessment, Research and Education System) that was a clinical decision support system developed for aiding in the treatment of the surgical patients, who are critically ill (Amarasingham et al., 2009). The system helped in the continuous monitoring of the metabolic ad physiologic functions of the patients who were critically ill and managed the electrolytes and fluid data with the respiratory and cardiac functions. Hewlett-Packard introduced the PDMS (Patient Data Management System) but it failed to excel in the ICU because of its complex menu, old user interface and was incredibly slow. In the year 1980, blood pressure and heart rate were automatically monitored and its advancement was marked by the data representation in the graphical displays. 1990 introduced internet access to the ICUs that increased and improved the clinical functionality significantly. Web based software supported the cumulative patient data by presenting and recording the patient data continuously by providing links to the nursing documentation, physician notes, imaging and laboratory data from the EMRs and representing them collectively as CIS (Darbyshire, 2004). In the year 2003, GE introduced the Centricity system for the critical care patients and in 2007, Philips introduced its ICIP (IntelliVue Clinical Information Portfolio). This was the first of its kind CIS that was introduced in the ICU for the critical patient s. Centricity Critical Care (CCC) by GE automatically collected data from the ventilators and monitors and displayed it in the spreadsheets of the typical paper type ICU charts. Data collection took place from the medical devices through their interfaces that are connected by the UID (Unity Interface Device) network. ICIP by Philips supported manual and automatic documentations of the physiologic data that had the time resolutions of five minutes (Van Der Meijden et al., 2003). It was supported by a relational database that helped to achieve the essential clinical information like text notes, lab results, patient demographics and medications. From the above inventions, it can be seen that different technological advancements at different times have helped the healthcare professionals to improve the patient care by getting better information of the patient. Detailed information of the patient, through either EMRs or CIS, helped the doctors and surgeons significantly to avoid errors and reduce the time of treatment and that would eventually contribute towards the improved patient outcome. Automation of the processes drastically changed the concept of documentation (Hyrinen, Saranto Nyknen, 2008). Records were no longer missing and were kept confidential more effectively than the conventional systems that significantly reduced the documentation time. It had a direct effect on the quality of care as proper and rapid interpretation and representation of data helped in providing the correct intervention to the patient, without any attempt of experimentation (Bosman, 2009). Direct patient care also improved with technological a dvancement as patients in ICU are in the condition of critical illness. Therefore, their treatment, patient education, counseling and medication are all important factors for the doctors and the nurses and digitalizing them effectively was of help, especially in case of shift change and worsening of the conditions. Figure 2: Components of CIS Figure 3: The Systematic Review Design The above flow diagram describes the design of the present systematic review and the pattern that will be followed by the researcher in answering the research questions. Following the sections of abstract and introduction, the researcher will develop the research questions in the review questions chapter which will be followed by the review method identification. Thereafter, the results will be derived from the study and they will be discussed thoroughly in the discussion part. Next, a conclusion will be drawn to the study followed by the limitations of the study with future recommendations. The researcher will follow the ethical considerations while conducting this study and will avoid the conflicts of interest. This study pattern will finally provide with a justifiable systematic review of the research topic. 1.3 Literature Review The section of literature review includes the knowledge and substantive findings of the methodological and theoretical contributions to any particular topic. The literature review part in this study will discuss the previous comparative studies that the various researchers have carried out to demonstrate the application of CIS in the ICU. The researcher in this section will analyze the topic of application of CIS in the ICU and this is not a part of the actual systematic review. This is only a prologue of the actual systematic review that the researcher has carried out in order to exhibit the various research works that have been carried out on the research topic by various researchers. Plenderleith (2013) carried out a research work regarding the application of CIS in the ICU and found that it helps to manage data in large numbers that are generated daily in the ICU. Appropriate linkage to the systems like monitoring, laboratory helps to simplify the acquisition and data accuracy is increased that are sent to the patient records. Once the data enters the CIS, they are observed from different viewpoints without repeated entries for improving the patient care. The feature of decision support in CIS provides it a versatile dimension. Data concentration at one point simplifies the process of audit, improves the quality and helps to obtain the information from the management more easily as compared to the conventional paper notes. In the ICU, on an average, 1100 data items are acquired everyday for each patient. These data includes data for physiological measurements and intervention records for continuation notes and drug administration. For the conventional system of data recording based on papers, manual entry of data used to take place on multiple paper sheets that included duplicate entry of information. This process often led to poor legibility mistakes and transcription errors. Cross-referencing of data does not happen and they are poorly filed. The patients take the notes away after they leave the ICU and therefore, for performing quality improvement audits, huge collection of paper becomes mandatory. Viewing the information from different aspects is essential in ICU. When data is entered in the system, different contexts can be applied to its presentation. For example, ventilator parameters are observed on the specific screen for ventilator and the data subset is found on a summary screen (Fraenkel, Cowie Daley, 2003). Existing data is incorporated automatically in a different context even if they are from a separate assessment. This feature is helpful in the collection of the information for scoring systems and augmented care pathway. R outine calculations that include production totals of fluid balance, physiological variables and drug prescribing that is weight based are automatically performed. The patient charts are filed after collection in a standardized and accessible format without spreading it as multiple note sets (Ammenwerth et al., 2003). The reviewing of the entire event becomes simplified like summary of the duration of the ventilation of the patients. The collection becomes simultaneous unlike through the conventional way of collecting the forms. Reviewing compliance and performing audit for the care bundles becomes simple as the data becomes easily available. The most innovative invention for the CIS is the decision support that analyzes the data pattern and helps to trigger suggestions (Wang Liao, 2008). This includes the suggestion for considering ventilator bundle if the patient is on a ventilator and is intubated. Suggestion for considering sepsis in case if the patient is having a tachycardia, pyrexia and increased count of white cell. For drug prescriptions, dose checking can be advised if gentamicin is prescribed for a patient who has a raised creatinine level (Heeks, 2006). Although this feature is applied for generation of prescriptions, but it is well expanded in other aspects as well like a symptomatic indication for acute lung injury. All these factors do not contribute to the wellbeing of the patient directly, but they act together to provide outputs that are significantly positive and improves the patient outcome (Ammenwerth et al., 2004). Donati et al. (2008) opined that although CIS have been implemented in many ICUs for a long time, little evidence has been derived about their impact in the staff perceptions and quality of care of the patients. Therefore, the authors compared the time required by CIS and manual patient charting on paper for evaluation of the perception of the staff members while working in an ICU. Useful information can be obtained remotely and from bedside by CIS in an ICU. CIS is constructed on an architecture that based on client-server interface with workstations placed on the bedside for each patient. The physiologic variables are interpreted by electronic charting that provides information to different bedside devices through various interfaces. The sophisticated forms of the CIS include doctor order entry, electronic medical record and radiographic image displaying by PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication Systems). Laboratory and monitoring interfaces are used for automatic collection of data by CIS. All the relevant information of the patient are stored in the database of the CIS like current medication, drug history, specific information, laboratory results and drug interaction warnings. The study design was based on the evaluation of the benefits of using CIS in the ICU on the basis of reduced data time. From the study, it was found that it took 274 minutes for each patient every week for manually recording vital signs, calculating scores, blood gas analysis, chart therapy, fluid balances and laboratory data. However, after the introduction of CIS, the time for the same activities was reduced to 21 minutes every week for each patient. There was a marked difference between the activities examined before and after the introduction of CIS. It was found that prior to installation of CIS, the time spent by the nurses for charting was 17.4% and the time spent for gathering patient data was 6.7%. After the installation, the charting time was decreased by 10% and the dat a gathering time was reduced by 4%. A significant amount of time was saved after the implementation of CIS as manual charting was no more required and the saved time is utilized in patient care. When the demand for nursing time in the ICU increases, priority is given to patient care and results in delayed documentation. More the illness of the patient, more is the generated data in the ICU and the potential benefits of CIS becomes more as considerable is saved in charting and gathering (Haux, 2006). During the study, the data collection periods and the staff members like consultants, nurses and physicians were similar to avoid any bias in the results. The only variable in the study was the patients as they were constantly changed throughout the study. From the study, it was also seen that there was significant time loss with the use of computer as well. Since computers are being intensively in daily lives, therefore, adaptation to the CIS system was easy and rapid for the staff memb ers for accessing patient data. The health professionals easily extracted massive amount of ICU data and considerable time was saved as the applied software system was significantly flexible and allowed sufficient customization to the nurses and physicians as per their requirements (Samaras Horst, 2005). Downtimes were effectively handled to avoid any data loss. Increased time for patient care resulted in improved patient outcomes and better patient compliance. According to Saleem et al. (2015), there are facilitators and barriers to the use of CIS in the ICUs and record keeping for anesthesia. The authors evaluated the use of CIS for the care and recovery settings of post anesthesia and operating rooms. The study was carried out at three medical centers. The administrative staff and clinicians at the workstations placed at bedside, nursing stations, operating rooms and in the physicians rooms use the applications. It facilitates the creation of the assessments, electronic data records and multiple procedures for medical devices. For achieving the objective of the study, an ethnographic study was carried out by the authors where the participants were the end users of CIS and ARK (Anesthesia Record Keeping). Optimization of the ARK and CIS systems was hindered by the software challenges, poor usability, integration issues, hardware challenges, lack of coordination, training concerns and inadequate technical support. These barriers were multi faceted with related sub-barriers and were described along with the participants quotes. Qualitative field observations were used for the analysis of data, they were represented at a level that could be integrated through the cases for showing the behavior pattern and the themes associated with the implementation of the ARK and CIS systems. The barriers presented in the research are addressed by collaboration and cooperation with the vendors and relevant changes have to be made in the system for including them in the ICU documentation. The most important ability is the integration of ARK and CIS with the other applications and meeting the customizations requirements, software challenges and better data display organizations (Kushniruk Patel, 2004). Hardware challenges can also be sorted out by external technical support and with the collaboration and cooperation of the vendors. The study identified several barriers to the implementation of the CIS in the healthcare systems and ther e probable outcomes and solutions have also been derived, with proper recommendations. The methods of human factor engineering are used for applying an approach that is user centered to the requirements specifications, system integration, implementation of the application and application evaluation. Although the benefits of the application of the CIS have been discussed in several other studies, this research proved to discuss the barriers of the system. However, the barriers can be overcome by proper measures and CIS can be utilized to deliver better patient outcome and increased satisfaction and support for the healthcare professionals, working in ICU (Petter, DeLone McLean, 2008). Gmez Tello et al. (2011) carried out a research work for determining the functional and technical standards with the application of CIS in the ICU. CIS is a useful tool for management of patient data in the ICU. It is very important to describe the minimum suitable specifications for making the tool helpful and operative. The results of the process of healthcare are improved by the CIS as it optimizes the quality and safety and collaborates to improve the patient management process. The objective of the study was to prepare a document with the recommendable operating and technical requirements for CIS. The study was carried out in a hospital in Spain and designated a team of software and clinical experts to attain the objective of the study. For the study, ten participants were employed by the engineers and managers from five different Spanish companies manufacturing CIS. There were two phases in the project where the first phase involved checklist completion for establishing the pre sent situation of the application of CIS and the second phase was result discussion by a team of experts. From the study, it was determined that according to the nursing perspectives, incorporation of the essential resources in the system is necessary for carrying out the necessary activities of patient care. CIS must have the tools for care planning with subsequent generation of its activity reports. The advantage of CIS was easier and better to access by the users helped to take decisions that are based on the integrated and consistent information on the prime indicators. The identification of the trends and occult relations for the data developed the management and clinical hypothesis. The requirements from CIS were to achieve a set of characteristics that is useful in ICU settings (Wu Wang, 2006). For this, four different sections were designed like functional, technical, management and data safety. All these sections were met satisfactorily by the CIS and its utilization in th e ICU as per the requirements was successfully established. The study concluded with the saying that CIS is a very versatile and useful tool for using in the ICU and it can be customized as per the client requirements. Synthesizing the research articles, it can be said that all the researchers aimed at a common aspect that ICU significantly helps in the daily activities of the nurses in the ICU and other departments in a hospital. The researchers from the various studies stated that compared to the traditional methods of data keeping, CIS had been very for maintaining the records as a huge amount of data is generated from the ICU every day. Proper maintenance of this data is essential for effective treatment and it takes a long time for maintaining such a huge data. Nurses devote a large portion of time in documentation and therefore, the quality of patient care decreases due to reduced duration of direct patient care. However, in most of the studies, implementation of CIS had a positive impact on patient care as the load of documentation was reduced and the nurses could devote more time to direct patient care. This invariably increased the quality of patient care and therefore, the findings from t he articles from this section of literature review were aligned with the topic of the present research and the selection of the articles proved to be fruitful in finding the significance of the research topic, as a prologue. References Allan, J., Englebright, J. (2000). Patient-centered documentation: an effective and efficient use of clinical information systems.Journal of Nursing Administration,30(2), 90-95. Amarasingham, R., Plantinga, L., Diener-West, M., Gaskin, D. J., Powe, N. R. (2009). Clinical information technologies and inpatient outcomes: a multiple hospital study.Archives of internal medicine,169(2), 108-114. Amarasingham, R., Pronovost, P. J., Diener-West, M., Goeschel, C., Dorman, T., Thiemann, D. R., Powe, N. R. (2007). Measuring clinical information technology in the ICU setting: application in a quality improvement collaborative.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,14(3), 288-294. Ammenwerth, E., Brender, J., Nyknen, P., Prokosch, H. U., Rigby, M., Talmon, J. (2004). Visions and strategies to improve evaluation of health information systems: Reflections and lessons based on the HIS-EVAL workshop in Innsbruck.International journal of medical informatics,73(6), 479-491. Ammenwerth, E., Grber, S., Herrmann, G., Brkle, T., Knig, J. (2003). Evaluation of health information systemsproblems and challenges.International journal of medical informatics,71(2), 125-135. Apkon, M., Singhaviranon, P. (2001). Impact of an electronic information system on physician workflow and data collection in the intensive care unit.Intensive Care.